Respite Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Respite Services - Essay Example The Canadian occupational performance Measure is one respite programme that has been developed to help care givers in sustaining and enhancing their occupation. This program is abbreviated as COPM and it was developed in Canada in 1991 for the purpose of care givers. The COPM was specifically made for therapists. It measures a person's outcome in terms of perception of his/her work over a period of time. In doing this sit can detect any changes in the care givers perception of his/her occupation with the main objective of improving it. The methodological approach of this respite service instrument involves the administration of a semi-structured interview which is accompanied by a structure scoring method. In its ability to enhance performance, continuous tests are done and the scores recorded. In a series of assessments, a trend is developed that can be use to evaluate the performance of the client. The COPM instrument was used on about 170 children in Ontario and Quebec, Canada. Recruitment of these children took place in between 2002 and 2003. Occupational output, quality of life and expenses were determined at baseline level and at the study completion. Perception of care was quantified at the end of the investigation. The COPM assessed the client's thought of performance in daily routines. (Kiresuk, Smith, Cardillo, 1994) Scores derived from the COPM inclined by an average of 2... Occupational performance outcomes Scores derived from the COPM inclined by an average of 2.6 over the span of the research. Satisfaction scores on the COPM increased by 2.4. These outcomes were both statistically significant (p

TEACHING ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION TO SPANISH SPEAKERS Research Paper

TEACHING ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION TO SPANISH SPEAKERS - Research Paper Example There is no doubt that English speaking requires good amount of understanding of consonants and vowels along with dedication and motivation. The research aims to examine what sorts of difficulties are experienced by Spanish speakers while speaking English and how pronunciation difficulties can be assessed and examined resulting in better pronunciation. Spanish language is a part of Indo-European Language family and is spoken by more than 400 million people across the world mainly in Spain, Latin America and the US. On the other hand, English is spoken in almost every country Ladefoged, 2000). However, when Spanish individuals especially students travel to other countries; they face pronunciation issues while speaking and communication in English. For this purpose, a systematic and logical approach of conducting a research will be taken that will help in investigating pronunciation problems of Spanish students along with identifying ways through which these problems can be assessed re sulting in better pronunciation and understanding of English Language. There is no doubt that incorrect pronunciation leads to little understanding of the meaning of sentences and thus creating confusion and doubts (Ladefoged, 2006). At the same time, conversing requires good understanding of English Language in order to facilitate personal and professional growth in English speaking nations. The next part of the discussion presents theoretical issues related to the research topic. Theoretical Issues Related to the Research Topic In order to investigate how English pronunciation can be taught to Spanish speakers, the researcher will focus on understanding of phonetics, production of speech sounds and difference between English and Spanish speakers by referring to a number of academic books, journals and articles. Jenkins (2002) stated that words are pronounced differently in different countries majorly because of the understanding of vowels and consonants. Coe (1988) stated that the re is a great similarity between English and Spanish language that makes learning motivational and easy. Coe (1988) further believed that both English and Spanish languages have originated from different culture and thus it is quite obvious to have pronunciation differences. Spanish language has only five vowels while English has fourteen vowels. The difference in vowels creates pronunciation issues as Spanish speakers often fail to differentiate between English Vowels. Compernolle (2001) stated that Spanish is syllable times language and English is stress timed language. Spanish speakers face difficulties in recognizing end consonants that create pronunciation issues. Moreover, the verb-grammar agreement is also dissimilar in two languages that often affect the correct pronunciation. Spanish speakers have logical association with the sound and spelling of words that lacks in English language. There are very limited double letters word in Spanish while in English, there are a number of double letter words. All these issues create confusion for Spanish speakers while speaking in English. Avexy, Ehrlich (1992) believed that the role of teeth, jaws, lips and tongue is of great importance considering the fact that correct use of lips, jaws and tongue helps in correct pronunciation of words. For this purpose, it is important to understand the role of phonetics in pronunciation of

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

International Business - Essay Example Globalization has led to integration of global production (global sourcing and coordination between the diverse locations) and integration of global markets (the rise of global brands and international distributors). Ultimately, globalization yields to increasing: culture convergences; interdependence among states economic integration; trade liberation; and, global capital markets (Hill 2012, p.4). Globalization of markets Globalization of markets delineates the progression witnessed in the assimilation and amalgamation of different world markets into a shared market. This means that national markets are increasingly amalgamating into one vast marketplace. This process eventually yields to the adoption of common products or services propelled by the resultant cultural shift. ... The growth of national companies such as Coca Cola and MacDonald’s into larger global organizations has drawn attention to the fact that global companies can now be able to synchronize their operations across continents, yielding to enhanced efficiency and attainment of economies of scale. One of the paradoxes of globalization that can be highlighted details that technology has fostered the efficient delivery of standardized products, as well as promoting diverse forms of tailored products for various markets; however, the registered growth of global markets has been highly prevalent within sectors that depend on standardized products for all clients. Markets for consumer products, on the other hand, have not been homogenized as anticipated (Reinert 2000, p.42). The positioning numerous markets, especially within advanced economies have increasingly been reversed as imports of standard products are frequently cheaper compared to the local equivalent. Hence, domestic manufactur ing companies are increasingly struggling to match the multinationals that enjoy economies of scale, in addition to, massive resources. Globalization of production The factors that impact on the situating of an entity’s manufacturing infrastructure usually vary between countries, and may be complementary in a foreign country relative to the host country. This means that entities are persistently placing their individual productive operations at highly rewarding global locations (Hill and Jones 2007, p.265). As such, it is becoming immaterial to label various products as ‘Japanese,’ ‘American,’ German,’ or ‘British.’ This derives from the breaking down of the manufacturing process into separate stages in which each phase takes place within the most

TEACHING ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION TO SPANISH SPEAKERS Research Paper

TEACHING ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION TO SPANISH SPEAKERS - Research Paper Example There is no doubt that English speaking requires good amount of understanding of consonants and vowels along with dedication and motivation. The research aims to examine what sorts of difficulties are experienced by Spanish speakers while speaking English and how pronunciation difficulties can be assessed and examined resulting in better pronunciation. Spanish language is a part of Indo-European Language family and is spoken by more than 400 million people across the world mainly in Spain, Latin America and the US. On the other hand, English is spoken in almost every country Ladefoged, 2000). However, when Spanish individuals especially students travel to other countries; they face pronunciation issues while speaking and communication in English. For this purpose, a systematic and logical approach of conducting a research will be taken that will help in investigating pronunciation problems of Spanish students along with identifying ways through which these problems can be assessed re sulting in better pronunciation and understanding of English Language. There is no doubt that incorrect pronunciation leads to little understanding of the meaning of sentences and thus creating confusion and doubts (Ladefoged, 2006). At the same time, conversing requires good understanding of English Language in order to facilitate personal and professional growth in English speaking nations. The next part of the discussion presents theoretical issues related to the research topic. Theoretical Issues Related to the Research Topic In order to investigate how English pronunciation can be taught to Spanish speakers, the researcher will focus on understanding of phonetics, production of speech sounds and difference between English and Spanish speakers by referring to a number of academic books, journals and articles. Jenkins (2002) stated that words are pronounced differently in different countries majorly because of the understanding of vowels and consonants. Coe (1988) stated that the re is a great similarity between English and Spanish language that makes learning motivational and easy. Coe (1988) further believed that both English and Spanish languages have originated from different culture and thus it is quite obvious to have pronunciation differences. Spanish language has only five vowels while English has fourteen vowels. The difference in vowels creates pronunciation issues as Spanish speakers often fail to differentiate between English Vowels. Compernolle (2001) stated that Spanish is syllable times language and English is stress timed language. Spanish speakers face difficulties in recognizing end consonants that create pronunciation issues. Moreover, the verb-grammar agreement is also dissimilar in two languages that often affect the correct pronunciation. Spanish speakers have logical association with the sound and spelling of words that lacks in English language. There are very limited double letters word in Spanish while in English, there are a number of double letter words. All these issues create confusion for Spanish speakers while speaking in English. Avexy, Ehrlich (1992) believed that the role of teeth, jaws, lips and tongue is of great importance considering the fact that correct use of lips, jaws and tongue helps in correct pronunciation of words. For this purpose, it is important to understand the role of phonetics in pronunciation of

Primary Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Primary Nursing - Essay Example Thompson ET all introduces the concept of primary nursing right from the beginning of its start in the 60’s. The sprouting of this particular type of healthcare all through the globe and its major influence to patient care is critically discussed. In this article, the author mainly insists on the influence of technology on this field and how hard it was for nurses back when everything was manual. Since the nurse has to work for 24 hours taking care of her patients, this field is thought provoking and in the early days of its invention, most of the primary nurses took care of fewer patients due to the nature of the work that was involved in the monitoring of the patients. The nurse had to manually move to each patient, take care of them and move to the next one. This was tedious and in most cases, the patients never got that right kind of care that they needed. However, due to technological changes in the medical industry, primary nursing has been on the increase and most insti tutions of higher learning have included the field in part of their study.Bowman ET all has similar opinions and insists that there has been improvements in primary nursing ever since its invention. The author compares the current situation of nursing and how it was in its early days and some of the changes that have been seen in the area. Comparing the way primary nursing was in the 60’s and now, it is pretty obvious that the field has undergone a lot of changes. First is the various means that nurses use to monitor patients.

Coffee and Starbucks Essay Example for Free

Coffee and Starbucks Essay Transnational corporations have had a tremendous impact on the interconnectivity that between countries, corporations, and people on a global landscape. Fueled by capitalistic ideals of increasing profits numerous corporations have expanded there operations into the global marketplace, some with much more success than others. One such transnational corporation that has embodied this pursuit of expansion in domestic and foreign markets for profit is the Starbucks Coffee Company. This company, which finds its roots in the opening of a single retail location in Pike place Market of Downtown Seattle in 1971, has been able to infiltrate into countless foreign domains and grow into a global powerhouse of the food and beverage industry with over nine thousand stores across the globe today in thirty-four countries outside of the Unites States. (Business Wire, 2005) Starbucks serves is an excellent specimen of a company that follows continual patterns of expansion directly correlating to increased access to foreign markets, and also the ability to nurture growth within these markets as well as gain access to new markets through the Market merging. In my research of this company and its path to globalization, I found that information about certain aspects of the company were more readily available than others. For example, I found that I had more difficulty finding scholarly articles that dealt with the distinct business strategies that Starbucks employed in order to globalize, in that it became apparent that much of the information about the terms of their mergers and acquisitions were not released or that the companies and business groups that they did so with had websites that contained no information in English. Interestingly enough, I found more of an abundance of scholarly material on the homogeneous cultural impacts that Starbucks has had and how the spread of the companys locations worldwide has been received by some cultures as the spread of American values. A bulk of my research findings came from business reports and releases about the company, which were useful in keeping accounts of how the company was able to infiltrate global markets and expand. The Website was a good starting point for my research in that it provided points of interest about the company that I could research into greater detail in order to root out the bigger picture. In order for one to have a more complete understanding of how this company operates and how it has come to succeed at a global level, I will outline the companys geographic expansion in terms of its operations and production; second, I will explain the companys main motivation for global expansion as well as factors that had an effect on the expansion; lastly I will detail the methods of expansion and production employed by the company. These will all be discussed within the time frame from present day back to 1996, when Starbucks first became a global corporation. (Starbucks. com) Of the nine thousand locations Starbucks has worldwide, over two thousand of those are outside of the United States in thirty four different countries. (Sowa, June 2004) The expansion of retail stores into foreign countries began with a joint venture with Sazabay Inc. in Japan in 1995, and then the eventual opening of retail locations within the country during the following year. (starbucks. com) This was the first time Starbucks ever set up operations outside of the US, and it was in the form of construction of the Starbuck brand retail store locations operated by a foreign company. Starbucks entered the East Asian Market first, in countries such as Japan, Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, and China, and concentrated on growth in these markets mainly for the first few years of entering the foreign market. Eventually, Starbucks was able to break into other markets as well, such as Australia, London, and New Zealand amongst others year after year until its present standing of 34 countries in North America, Latin America, Europe, the Middle East and the Pacific Rim with retail locations that exists today in 2005. (Business Wire, Feb 2005) Within these countries, retail operations were set up at first just primarily in areas with the densest population. (Ramsey, Mar. 1997) However, as the market for the Starbucks Brand continually increased, the locations throughout the countries would increase and fan out from the city centers. This can be seen in the example of Japan, whom after 5 years operations had opened 300 stores by the year 2000. (starbucks.com) The primary raw material that Starbucks purchases and uses in terms of production is coffee beans. Coffee beans grow in regions near the equator, where the climate is suitable to sustain their growth. It follows that Starbucks purchases all of its beans from countries in South America, Africa, and Asia. Coffee beans that Starbucks import come from regions near the equator, such as South America, Africa, and Asia (Starbucks. com). Basically, the beans that are grown in these countries are purchased by the company to be roasted or packaged in all of its 9000 locations worldwide. However, Starbucks is not the only buyer when it comes to the bean supply as numerous other coffee retail companies rely on these farms as well, which places Starbucks as part a modular model commodity chain. The production of a generic commodity such as coffee beans allows for that commodity to be purchased by numerous companies without any affiliation or necessary interconnectivity between them. Starbucks reasoning for their initial expansion domestically in the United States as well as into the foreign Market place was centered on the basic capitalistic need for increase in profits, as well as the promotion of free trade from a neo-liberalist standpoint. Looking back to Starbucks early domestic expansion, it can be noted that just prior to addition of retail operations in Japan in 1996, there had been signs of a retraction of sales and growth, even with the addition of new retail locations domestically in the United States. There were signs of slowing in the US, one such being that comparable store sales, up 9 percent in 1995, were up 7 percent in 1996 and 5 percent approaching the following year. (Ramsey, Mar. 1997) These numbers indicate that it was becoming evident that in order to further sustain growth and high profit margins; Starbucks could achieve gains and benefit from free trade by setting up operations abroad. There are certain social contexts which provide commentary on the manner in which Starbucks was able to globalize. Especially that of the companys abilities to access markets from cultural and political standpoints. In order to bridge the culture gap between markets, Starbucks must follow three basic steps; first, it must engage in prospecting the local culture and its nuances; second, it must access the market conditions and the potential response to their presence; and lastly they make or dont make the decision to mobilize (Santos 2004). All this is considered with the fact that they are marketing a product in not only the coffee but in the retail location itself, in that Starbucks attempts to blend an Italian style beverage with a highly European influenced coffee house setting (Santos 2004), which is something that has to be marketed correctly in order to effectively find its niche in a foreign market setting. This marketing schematic sheds light on the purpose in placing global operations in East Asia in the late 90s before breaking into the European market due to a feared negative response to an American global presence in what had always been a highly saturated European local market. There was also a strong potential that the War in Afghanistan and later Iraq would have a devastating effect on growth and sales in the foreign market. There were some signs of this seen in April of 2003, when Starbucks was being heavily protested and boycotted in Lebanon and New Zealand, and was forced to pull operations out of Israel for fear of terrorist attacks. Despite these setbacks, however, it remained that Starbucks International persevered in revenues, according to Greg Schroeder, a research analyst with Fulcrum Global Partners LLC, who stated Starbucks popularity persists even in an economic downturn and during the war is an undeniably impressive feat as other retailers are struggling. (Jung, 2003) Starbucks maintained strong development during this period, and continued to open stores and form partnerships in Turkey, Chile, and Peru (Starbucks.com) despite facing political tensions created by Starbucks national affiliation with the United States. Market access brought Starbucks to the foreign domain but how they were actually able to break into these markets came in the form of some key business strategies. Starbucks used a few basic strategies in order to gain access to a particular foreign market which was joint ventures, acquisitions, and licensing. Two specific examples include Starbucks acquisition of the Seattle Coffee Company in the United Kingdom with more than 60 retail locations in 1998(Starbucks.com) , and the joint venture Starbucks formed with Sazaby Inc in 1995. The acquisition of the Seattle Coffee company basically allowed Starbucks to renovate each retail location previously owned by the company and to put the Starbucks name on each location as well. Another different but successful strategy employed in Japan was that of the joint venture with Sazaby Inc. This partnership gave Sazaby Inc. the right to develop and operate coffeehouses throughout a defined region. The rationale behind both of these types of partnerships is explained by Peter Maslen, president of Starbucks Coffee International, who states, The idea is that an experienced local partner can help identify locations, sift through tax issues, and give Starbucks stores more community appeal. (Jung, Apr. 2003 p. E1) This allows Starbucks to continue to expand into other markets knowing that operations elsewhere are in the hands of carefully chosen partners and business groups who are able effectively read and access the climate of their targeted regions market. The employees, CEOs, and other workers all have an integral part in this corporations ability to globalize. Starting at the level of both full as well as part time employees which facilitate the day-to-day functions of the retail locations in each of the 34 countries that Starbucks operates in, we can see that they receive a fair amount of benefits; including above-average hourly-wages, a comprehensive health benefit plan, and stock options. (Sancovich, 2002) Increased development and growth will fair well for those with stock in the company, including employees at the retail level. If the scope is broadened however, a very large gap exists between employees at the corporate level and those who produce the raw materials(coffee beans) that the company modulates into packaged or roasted coffee sales. It should be noted that Starbucks prides itself on the sale of Fair Trade Coffee in its stores to benefit the farmers that supply their coffee beans, which certifies that growers and farmers would receive a premium price above the prevailing market price for the sale of the coffee beans they produce (Starbucks. com). It should also then be noted that, according to an author in the ecologist, Starbucks advertises the fact that it bought 1. 1 million pounds of coffee last year at fair trade prices ($1. 27 per pound). This represents less than 0. 5 per cent of the coffee Starbucks buys each year. Fair trade is also highly profitable. While Starbucks pays $1. 27 per pound for fair-trade coffee, one pound of that coffee sells for $11. 45. Thats a 90 per cent mark-up (The Ecologist, Vol. 33, p. 22, 2003) The fact that Starbucks buys Fair Trade coffee in actuality does little to benefit the farmers who grow their beans. Another notable feature of the relationship between the owners, employees, and farmers is the overall disparity between employees at the corporate level and those employed to grow coffee beans, Millions of coffee farmers survive on less than $2 a week. Orin C Smith, Starbucks president and CEO, was paid $1,088,269 in 2002, and received a bonus of L1,362,500. Exercising share options in the company made him a further $36,321,643. He stands to make around $8. 5m more on share options granted in 2002. (The Ecologist, Vol. 33, p. 22, 2003) The economic disparity between wages is a direct result of the practices Starbucks engages in, such as markups. The farmers, as well as the retail employees would gain from the continued global development of the company, in that higher demand for coffee would increase the price of coffee for farmers and stock options would benefit regular employees, but would do so to an exponentially smaller degree than the employees at the corporate level of operations.

LEADING CHANGE: Analysing The Change Agents Role

LEADING CHANGE: Analysing The Change Agents Role This essay focuses on introducing change in the organization. It looks into the change agents role; the positives and negatives on the personal front. It also critically analyses how much power lies in the hands of the senior management in implementing change in an organization. A case study has been incorporated into the report to understand how managers implement changes or imbibe them into the organization in real life. CHANGE AGENT According to the Oxford Dictionary, Change is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to make or become differentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Recently, multinational corporations (MNCs) have been facing a lot of changes in their strategic direction as well as their day to day activities. (Stone, 2008) Generally, corporations have experienced a lot of resistance to change from their employees. In order to ensure that the change is incorporated smoothly into the organization, the recognition of a Change Agents role becomes essential. A change agent, by definition is, A person who acts as a catalyst for change. (Stone, 2008) There is a deep connection between leading and changing the organization. As Ahn rightly put it; The avoidance of change has been described as the opposite of leadership. (Jick et al, 2003) Leadership involves motivating a group of people and aligning their interests towards a common goal in the aim of achieving it. Change agents could be anyone in the organization who is the driving force behind the change. For Instance, the CEO of the company would be recognized as a change agent on several occasions or a consultant may be hired; who acts as the agent as well. (Jick et al, 2003). The change agents competitive advantage lies at his/her ability to act in response to the change. There are three general types of responses one can expect from a change agent. (Ulrich et al, 1997) Initiative Changes, whereby the change agent responds by bringing into the organization; new procedures or projects. This is basically done at the strategic level. The second type of response is Process Change. This occurs more at the operational level; where the change agent focuses on how the task is being carried out; and whether the work can be simplified or distributed; based on the organizational structure. The last type of response is the Cultural Change. It transforms the organizations way of thinking. (Ulrich et al, 1997) POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF A CHANGE AGENTS JOB Change agents are most susceptible to change themselves. (Jick et al, 2003) The agents go through a variety of positive and negative emotions and issues while dealing with implementing change in the organization. Firstly, the most obvious issue change agents face will be the resistance to change by the employees. This occurs irrespective of how well/not the agent handles his job. Someone, somewhere, at some point in time during the implementation will have a thought process which does not align to that of the others. This leads us to the secondary issue, which is frustration. In case the change introduced by the agent backfires, he would be the first person the organization will blame. The agent would feel isolated and might even get de-motivated at the thought that the plan he introduced did not work out. (Jick et al, 2003) Though the negative issues do seem to give an impression that the change agents job is always dreary, its often counteracted by positive challenges and emotions. The adrenaline rush of having transformed an organization successfully because of that change is a huge plus point. Change cannot be decided by one person; hence requiring the agent to involve himself in a lot of interaction with his employees by which new relationships develop. Often, when the agents look in retrospect, they find that they have gone a long way, and the factor of self fulfillment shows up. With every step, the agents would have utilized their strengths, opportunities and overcome their weaknesses and threats. (Jick et al, 2003) POWER AND CHANGE Power is defined as; The ability to influence various outcomes. (Bowditch and Buono, 2005: 195). This statement makes it clearer there is a close relationship between power and change in the organization. French and Raven (1959) came with a power base table which can be applied to change management. (Graetz et al 2002: 242-3) This basically deals with power and change in terms of top down approach. There are five types of powers of which one or two of them might lie with the management responsible for the change. Reward Power, whereby the managers reward the employees for their co-operation; Coercive Power, which means the employees get punished for non compliance; Referent Power, where personal relationships are used against them to follow the change; Expert Power, where specialist knowledge is required to understand the change procedures and reason for attempting them. The last power is the Legitimate Power, where change is decided by the senior staff and seems necessary for success. (Jick et al, 2003) This approach lays emphasis on implementation, and is a lot faster. The major disadvantage here is that resistance will arise from employees and middle level managers. Organizations generally rely on internal managers or external consultants to introduce change. Consultants are preferred since they have a neutral attitude towards the situation; and may be a lot more skilled and knowledgeable in the area. It would be a good idea to combine both of them i.e.; have internal managers as well as external consultants. (Stone, 2008) In contrast to the French and Raven power base, another strategy might be to hand over the power to the employees. This is the bottom up approach. While it encourages employee participation and reduces uncertainty on their part; it is very time consuming. (Stone, 2008) CASE STUDY Dennis Hightower was Disneys newly elected vice president for Europe. He was required to develop a different business strategy that was something totally different than what had been done in the past. He was given a time limit of three months. Walt Disney started off as a small company in the entertainment industry and emerged as one of the top most in recent times. They reported overall revenue of $3 billion dollars. A particular division in the company; Disney Consumer Products (DCP) reported $167 million of division revenue. Soon after, this division was involved in international licensing. The market was very diverse with complex environments. Hightower had formulated a certain strategy in mind. This report focuses more on the way he implemented it across the organization. He followed the Squeaky Wheelchair Theory; which meant he got involved into the situation only when there was a problem. Rather than ordering his team members on how its done; he persuaded them to see the logic and how each of their contributions added value to it. Loyalty was a key factor in his method. He trusted his team enough to let them make their own decisions to a great extent. This helped him ensure he had his teams support and all their goals were on the same track. Disney underwent a radical change, where fundamental changes were produced in the organization. Its generally more threatening than an incremental change. (Where the changes involved are on a small scale; for example, modifications in the day to day operations, etc.) This change was planned as well; which meant the change was implemented in an organized manner by the change agent. In essence, Hightower was the change agent; who tackled the above stated issue in a way which led to higher profits for the company. (Jick et al, 2003) CONCLUSION A change agent is thus very important in the introduction, leading and managing the change in the organization. Its very important to find the right person at the right time as it can make or break the situation. Positive and negative issues occur in every job and the change agent is no exception. Its important for the change agent to take up challenges such as resistance and try and make them work in his/her favor. The relationship between power and change is debatable, but finally, what counts is what exact change the organization is planning to undertake; if its a situation which is of strategic importance, its better for the top management to decide. The case study showed us one of the real life examples of change management.